我做了20多年长照规划，最常被问的就是这几个词：ADL、OAD、TPD、长照险……很多朋友连保单都买了，却说不清楚这些名词的意思。今天这篇文章，就是你随时可以查阅的完整参考词典。 In over 20 years of long-term care planning, the questions I hear most often are about terminology — ADL, OAD, TPD, long-term care insurance… Many people have already bought a policy but can't explain what these words mean. This article is your permanent reference glossary.
ADL 是什么？（六项日常生活活动） What Is ADL? (The Six Activities of Daily Living)
ADL = Activities of Daily Living 日常生活活动，国际通用的自理能力衡量标准，共6项。这六项是全球保险业和医疗体系评估一个人是否仍能自理的统一依据，也是长照险理赔的核心判断标准。 ADL = Activities of Daily Living — the internationally recognised standard for measuring a person's ability to care for themselves, covering 6 areas. These six items form the universal benchmark used by the global insurance and healthcare industries to determine whether a person can still live independently, and are the core criteria for long-term care insurance claims.
六项 ADL 逐一解释 Each of the Six ADLs Explained
① 洗澡 Bathing
指一个人能否独自进入浴室、清洗全身。不需要旁人协助冲洗身体，才算具备这项能力。
① Bathing
The ability to enter the bathroom and wash the entire body without assistance. Needing help to be bathed means this ADL is impaired.
② 如厕 Continence
指能自行控制大小便，并独立完成如厕的全过程，包括移至厕所、清洁及整理衣物。
② Continence
The ability to control bladder and bowel functions, and to manage the full toileting process independently — including getting to the toilet, cleansing, and adjusting clothing.
③ 穿衣 Dressing
指能独立穿脱衣物，包括扣钮扣、拉拉链、穿鞋等，不需要他人协助。
③ Dressing
The ability to put on and take off clothing independently, including buttoning, zipping, and putting on shoes, without help from another person.
④ 进食 Eating
指能自行将食物送入口中并完成进食，不包括烹饪或端菜，单指实际进食的动作。
④ Eating
The ability to feed oneself — bringing food to the mouth and swallowing. This does not include cooking or serving; it refers solely to the act of eating.
⑤ 走动 Mobility
指能在室内自行移动，例如从房间走到客厅、走到厨房，无需他人搀扶或辅助工具协助。
⑤ Mobility
The ability to move around indoors — for example, walking from the bedroom to the living room or kitchen — without needing to be supported or assisted by another person.
⑥ 移动 Transfer
指能在不同支撑面之间自行转换体位，例如从床上移到椅子、从轮椅转移到马桶。注意：移动（Transfer）与走动（Mobility）是两回事——走动是指步行移位，而移动指的是床椅之间的体位转换，即使完全卧床的人也需要这项能力的评估。
⑥ Transfer
The ability to move between surfaces — for example, shifting from bed to chair, or from wheelchair to toilet. Note: Transfer is distinct from Mobility. Mobility refers to walking; Transfer refers to positional changes between bed and chair — even a bedridden person requires this assessment.
ADL 如何变成一张理赔支票？ How Do ADLs Translate Into an Insurance Claim?
理赔三个条件，缺一不可 Three Conditions Required for a Claim
① 持续 6 个月无法自行完成六项 ADL 中的任意 3 项
② 经 2 位指定医生认证
③ 通过审核后，获得一次性赔付
① Unable to independently perform any 3 of the 6 ADLs for a continuous period of 6 months
② Certified by 2 appointed medical doctors
③ Upon approval, a lump-sum payout is made
很多人以为长照险理赔很难拿到。其实条件相当清晰——不是要"全瘫"，也不是要"脑死"，只要持续半年内有三项日常活动无法自理，并取得两位医生的正式认证，就符合理赔资格。赔付是一次性给付，不是月月核保，资金用途也完全由受益人决定——可以支付护理中心费用，也可以用于居家看护安排。 Many people assume long-term care claims are difficult to obtain. In fact, the criteria are clearly defined — you don't need to be completely paralysed or brain-dead. If you have been unable to independently perform three daily activities for six continuous months, and two doctors certify this, you qualify for a claim. The payout is made in a lump sum, not subject to monthly underwriting, and the beneficiary decides how to use the funds — whether for a care centre or home-based nursing arrangements.
想知道自己目前的风险有多高？可以先做一个免费AI风险评估free AI risk assessment，60秒了解你的长照缺口。 Want to understand your current risk level? Take a 免费AI风险评估free AI risk assessment — 60 seconds to see your long-term care gap.
相关名词小词典 Mini Glossary of Related Terms
OAD（Old Age Disability，老年失能险）
专为老年失能设计的保险产品，以ADL六项为理赔依据，保障老年后因失能产生的长期看护需求。这是目前市场上最贴近长照现实的保障工具。
OAD (Old Age Disability)
An insurance product specifically designed for age-related disability, using the six ADLs as the claims standard. It covers long-term care needs arising from disability in old age, making it the most relevant protection tool available today.
TPD（Total and Permanent Disability，全残保障）
市面上99%的保单只包含TPD，而TPD通常只保障至65岁，且定义较为严格，无法覆盖老年失能的长照需求。详细比较可参阅OAD 与 TPD 的完整对比our full OAD vs TPD comparison。
TPD (Total and Permanent Disability)
99% of policies on the market only include TPD coverage, which typically expires at age 65 and uses a strict definition that fails to cover the long-term care needs of old-age disability. See our OAD 与 TPD 的完整对比full OAD vs TPD comparison for details.
长照险（Long-Term Care Insurance）
涵盖长期失能或失智后所需的持续性护理开支的保险产品。与一般医疗险不同，长照险针对的是"照顾"而非"治疗"——当疾病无法治愈、只能长期看护时，长照险才是真正发挥作用的保障。
Long-Term Care Insurance (长照险)
Insurance designed to cover the ongoing costs of care following long-term disability or cognitive decline. Unlike general health insurance, long-term care insurance addresses "caregiving" rather than "treatment" — it is the protection that truly matters when a condition cannot be cured and requires sustained nursing care.
医药卡（Medical Card / Health Insurance）
医药卡只保障住院及手术费用，不涵盖长期看护开支。你出院之后每月的护理中心费用（合格中价位约 RM 7,000/月）、居家看护费，医药卡一分钱都不赔。两者保障性质完全不同，不可互相替代。
Medical Card (医药卡 / Health Insurance)
A medical card covers hospitalisation and surgical costs only — it does not cover long-term care expenses. The monthly care centre fee after discharge (a mid-range qualified facility costs approximately RM 7,000/month) and home nursing costs are entirely excluded. The two types of coverage serve completely different purposes and cannot substitute for each other.
医疗通胀（Medical Inflation）
医疗费用每年约以 5% 的速度增长，远高于一般物价通胀。以护理费用计算，10年后的花费可能破百万令吉。这也是为什么早规划、早锁定保费，比等到出事才行动重要得多。
Medical Inflation (医疗通胀)
Medical costs grow at approximately 5% per year — far outpacing general inflation. Compounded over 10 years, long-term care costs could exceed one million ringgit. This is precisely why early planning and locking in premiums now matters far more than waiting until a health crisis strikes.